Wednesday, August 4, 2010

Numerology The Science Of Numbers And How It Relates To Our Lives

In numerology, a tradition bound by spiritual evidence the relationship flanked by numbers and living things, all of us have three cycles, or Life Path Periods in our lifetime. To settle on a person's three Life Path Periods, person merely needs a person's date of birth. In addition, if someone's 3rd Life Path Period is 22, they are in uncommon company. The following is a breakdown of the years of birth generating a 3rd Life Path Period of 22 for the last 2000 years:

The Basics Of Electrostatics

We encounter electrostatics on a day-to-day basis. For example, electrostatics is at work when you remove plastic wrap from a piece of food, and the plastic sticks to you. Electrostatics is also at play when you shock yourself on a door knob after walking across a room filled with carpet. Yet another example of electrostatics is when you rub a balloon over your hair. By holding the balloon close to your head afterward, your hair will stick up. All of these examples are a direct result of electrostatics, and there are many more.




The science involved in electrostatics, as stated before, can be quite complicated. That said, there are more basic explanations for electrostatic behaviors and principles. Electrostatics can be studied at many different ages and learning levels, and can be taught using very simple and basic concepts. Much of science and mathematics function this same way. There are always deeper and more elaborate explanations for things, but often times simple surface explanations and observations are the most effective. These surface explanations are what we discuss here.



Electrostatics is brought about when there is an exchange of charge on two or more different objects. In fact, these exchanges happen every time two objects touch one another. Many times you will only notice the exchange when one of the objects has a high resistance to electrical flow. This is due to the fact that when an object has a high resistance to electrical flow, the charge is going to be trapped in the object for a longer time. As the charge builds and builds, it will eventually have to get rid of the charge it is carrying. This either happens through a slow 'bleeding' of the charge into the ground, or through a large discharge, such as the electric shocks you experience when touching metal objects. This is essentially a large amount of energy leaping from one surface to another.



Some examples of science products used to demonstrate this phenomenon in a controlled environment are the Van De Graaff generator and Wimshurst Machine. The Van De Graaff generator produces the electric charge imbalance that was described in the previous paragraph. When this imbalance takes place, it becomes very easy to observe the electrostatic charge building up and transfer between surfaces. This can also be demonstrated by touching the storage sphere of a Van De Graaff generator. If you are standing on an insulated surface when you do this, your hair will stand on end. This effectively demonstrates electrostatic power and transfer. Science products like the Van De Graaff generator and Wimshurst Machine will come with very simple directions and include explanations

Important Steps To Follow While Teaching Science And Mathematics For Secondary

Accordingly a study was conducted and eight graduate students were placed for ten hours a week on secondary school teaching.




The results were measured on the basis of their interest level in secondary school teaching prior to the study and post study. Findings were shocking as there were evident sign of low desire. The positive outcome of the study emerged in the form reasons given by the students about their low desire to become secondary teachers.



So the basic reasons for lack of quality and quantity of math and science teachers in secondary schools are:



• Their aspiration to work in higher level of science and math.

• Unruly behavior of the class and their lack of motivation to study the subject.

• Teaching was viewed as a job and not considered as career by many of the graduates.

• Teaching under school systems demands too much of unnecessary activities objected by the graduates.



There were special recruitment drives started by the president of America to recruit math and science teachers. Attempts were made to increase the quality of teaching by making bachelor’s degree mandatory to become a secondary teacher. Need for an alternative incentive beside money was highlighted. Study strongly recommended for an overall motivational

The Science Behind Omega 3 And Omega 6 Fats

Omega 3 And Omega 6


In the early 1960s it was found that omega 6 fatty acid, arachidonic acid, was converted to produce prostaglandins in the body. These substances cause inflammation in the tissues of the body, which is found to be linked with many - if not most - disease. During the 1970s, other inflammatory substances were discovered which could come from omega 6 including thromboxanes, prostacyclins and the leukotrienes. Collectively, these substances are know as eicosanoids.



The eicosanoids have important biological functions. They do not generally live long, but if large amounts are produced, then there is a net excess in the body which is what causes the damage.



Omega 3 also creates these potentially damaging eicosanoids, but they are made much more slowly, and so are less damaging. As the omega 6 and omega 3 fats compete to be broken down into eicosanoids, having extra omega 3 in the diet, and less omega 6, means that the omega 3 'wins' in being converted. This has a net benefit in terms of body inflammation.



Eicosanoids

There are four families of eicosanoids — the PROSTANOIDS - prostaglandins, prostacyclins and the thromboxanes; and the LEUKOTRIENES.



Here is a closer look at the Leukotrienes.



Leukotrienes

Leukotrienes are made from arachidonic acid by an enzyme called 5-lipoxygenase. Also closely associated with leukotriene production is the creation

Science Olympiad

Initiatives like National Science Olympiad act as a platform to bring about a practical approach to learning in the field of Science and IT. SOF expects a participation of over 30,000 students from classes II to XII in the National Science Olympiad 2009 across India. National Science Olympiad is a rage amongst school students and is considered as one of the most prestigious science competitions in India. To encourage increased levels of participation, SOF sends out prospectus, posters and registration forms to schools all across India a few weeks prior to the Olympiad. SOF also keeps schools updated about the date and venue of the first round of examination of the National Science Olympiad.




All students from classes II to XII are eligible to participate in National Science Olympiad. National Science Olympiad takes place in two rounds. The first round involves the participation of all the registered students from classes II to XII. It is from this round that the top 500 students and all school toppers from each grade get qualified for the second round of the National Science Olympiad. All India Toppers from classes II to VIII are awarded a gold medal and a laptop and the All India Toppers from classes IX to XII are given a cash prize of Rs 51,000/-Students who secure Rank 2 at the all India level in National Science Olympiad from classes II to VIII are given a silver medal and a laptop, and students

Cool Science Experiments - The Way To Get Your Kids Excited About Science

As a homeschooling family we have questioned, "What have been the things that we look back on with fond and treasured memories in Science?" It is either the hands-on nature walks and finding animals, or the fun in setting up and doing an experiment with great results. Many of the experiments my children have enjoyed have been totally unrelated to any science text we may have been following at the time. Most of the successful 'science' messes have sprung up from their own interest and trying to solve a question which they have posed themselves. (Like fixing a cheap toy and making it far better than it ever was.)




So, how do we encourage our children to play around with Science?



* Ask them Questions



Firstly, ask your children questions without giving away the answer. If you are working through a text which has science experiments, present the question to them and don't read or let them read what sorts of results they should be getting from performing the experiment. Ask them questions during the experiment and after it - what do you think would happen if we changed x,y or z?



Ask them questions about life - about their physical environment or why things happen? Ask them the curious questions before they ask you. And then let them think and ponder about it. It does not mean that you should never give answers, but at the same time, do not rush in - give them time first. When answering, relate the answer to their current experience. And remember, it is okay to admit you do not know the answer - that can become an ideal time to discuss how to research and find answers we are looking for.



* Let them Experiment



Let them play with all sorts of things around the home and experiment. Using a book or Science course will give you ideas about exciting science experiments. There are also a ton of books at the library that will interest your children. Recently, I discovered an online Science Curriculum which is full of really cool science experiments. You can see science experiments listed here.



The experiment instructions are also on video, which we all really love watching. Using all sorts of common household materials, and some that you need to buy, these experiments have amazed and excited my children. In fact, it has been the recent catalyst for a whole heap of hovercraft experiments which in turn has motivated my other children to fiddle with a toy gun changing it from a gun using air pressure to one using spring mechanics.



* Be prepared, Grow a collection of Science Tools and Encourage Mess



If you want your children to experiment, you will need to accept and even encourage mess. Set up some boxes where you keep all sorts of odds and ends which will come in handy for science experiments.



You will need materials like rubber bands, straws, pipe cleaners, paper clips, balloons, popsicle sticks.



You will also need tools and materials to bind items together like sticky tape, masking tape, hot glue gun, super glue, rope or string, stapler and staples, hole punch, scissors.



Then you will also need to collect some clean junk - bottle tops, soda bottles, clean cans, bottle lids, icecream containers and cardboard boxes of all sizes.



Perhaps you can create a Science Corner - filled with experiment books and all the materials, and a table to work on.



* Allow for mistakes



Every Science experiment does not need to work perfectly and make sure your children know that. When an experiment does not work the way they had hoped, ask them, "What did you learn from that?" "What might you do differently next time?" "Why do you think that happened?"



* Be Curious alongside of them, but do not take over



When your children are in the middle of a project or have completed it, they love to have a fan club. As they become more independent, they may not need you to set up an experiment or help them do it, but they really want to share their enthusiasm with an interested party - like their family and parents! So, let them inspire you - cheer them on as they set up an experiment - ask them questions so they can verbalize what is happening and why - problem solve with them - search out answers together, BUT do not take over.



As parents we have the tendency to ruin the child-led learning experience and make it a full-blown lesson. We want to run with their idea because we can see how it will make a wonderful 'unit study' and so we plan, get books, blah, blah, blah, and run off with all of our great ideas, but meanwhile our children have turned the corner, lost interest and moved on. It does not matter! Even if their interest in that topic may have been short lived, another experiment at a later date will most likely, help to reinforce the science concept.



So, do what you need to do to excite your children about Science

Science Fair Projects Ideas Using Elenco Electronic Lab Kits

So why is it important for beginner electronics students to always use an electronic kit from a reputable brand, such as Ramsey, MadLab, Amerikit, or Elenco Electronic Project Lab? It is important because high-voltage electricity can be deadly without proper precautions, students can safely explore electricity with low-voltage electronic kits. Even at low voltages, electricity can be dangerous if not handled properly. Products like Elenco Electronic Project Lab avoid dangerous activities like soldering and use only battery power, which is much safer than AC power.




Another benefit of using electronics kits is they come with detailed instructions, which is very helpful for beginners. Before doing any experiments with electronic kits, students should read all directions included with the kit and follow those directions exactly. Improper use could result in fires, property damage, or even personal injury. Reputable brand name products like Elenco Electronic Project Lab include a lab manual with step by step instructions for every electronics experiment.



So here are a few ideas for projects. The simplest experiment with electricity might be an exploration of conductors versus insulators. A conductor is simply a material through which electricity will flow with little resistance; an insulator prevents electricity from flowing. This can be tested by creating a simple circuit with a battery and a light bulb. If a material completes the circuit, the light bulb will luminesce, indicating that it is a conductor. Most metals are conductors, while most nonmetals are insulators. Therefore, it will not be a surprise to see that silver and copper are conductors, while cotton and glass are insulators. However, you may be surprised by the results of lead (a metal) or graphite (a non-metal).



Depending on the requirements and the amount of time allotted for the experiment, another interesting and particularly applicable experiment would be an exploration of light bulbs. Which light bulb is the best value for the money? The student can explore the differences between brands or between types of bulbs (incandescent, compact florescent, or halogen). At the end of the experiment, the student can compare the price of each bulb to the number of hours the bulb burned. This experiment may require a closet or a room away from the bedroom, so that bulbs that remain on during the night will not awaken the family.



Another interesting and low cost experiment would be an exploration of temperature on the output (in volts) of a standard alkaline or dry cell battery. Another, similar variable would be the output of different brands of batteries (Energizer, Duracell, Eveready, etc.). If enough time is allotted for the experiment, the student can also explore the lifespan of a battery, and whether the battery will last longer if it runs continuously or if it is started and stopped on a regular basis. Any combination of these variables can form a fascinating hypothesis.



Part of the adventure of a science experiment is using imagination to explore a particular aspect of the world around us. Using this imagination, a student could explore a different application for an existing electronic device. For example, the student could investigate the possibility of creating a different type of clock that expresses time using lights instead of numbers. Similarly, the student could explore rewiring a low-cost radio to improve sound.



Creating a science experiment using electronic kits is a way for a student to explore a scientific hypothesis while still having fun. The hands-on style of science experiments is a particularly unforgettable experience. In the 21st century, career opportunities in electronics and technology are expected to abound. For many people, their interest in these industries begins in childhood

Six Extra Credit Projects For Middle School Science Students

#1 – Science Fair Project




One of the best extra credit projects that you can offer to your science students is a science fair project. Science fair projects can be offered several months before the school science fair. Most schools allow these projects to be done voluntarily, however, if you have a student that is going to flunk the class then you can offer them a chance to raise their score significantly if they do a good job on this project.



#2 – Science Report



A good extra credit project for science class that requires slightly less work than a science fair project is a basic science report. You can offer your students 10 to 20 extra points if they complete a three to five page essay on a science topic that you select. This option will not only help the student to recapture some of their missing points, but it will also give them more exposure to the concept that they are struggling with in class.



#3 – Interview a Science Professional



A fun extra credit project for science class is to have your students interview a science professional and to write a news story on them. The science professional can be a science teacher, a lab technician, a doctor or a biologist from the local area. You can offer extra points if the student gives a speech in class about the person they interviewed.



#4 – Put Together a Collection



Science collections can also be offered as a science extra credit project. As the teacher you will need to define what type of collection will need to be assembled, how many pieces it will need to have and what features it will need to have to qualify for points. Possible collections include leaf collections, flower collections, insect collections and rock collections.



#5 – Group Projects



Group projects can also be offered as a middle school extra credit project. This type of project will focus on the solving of a science problem as a group. In order to earn credit each member of the group will need to participate in the presentation of the solution and each member will need to contribute to the solution.



#6 – Seasonal Projects



Since the school year covers about 75 percent of the year several seasons and holidays are enveloped in the school year. You can develop extra credit projects around these special events and seasons. For example, you can have your students collect data about something related to a season or a holiday celebration. They can keep a journal about the temperatures and weather or they can collect data on how many calories people consume on a normal day and how many calories they consume at a holiday celebration

Gayatri And Savitri-2 Forms Of One Super Power

In Indian Mytholgy or Puranas it has been described as Brahma having 2 wives. One was Gayatri and the other was Savitri. Gayatri is the Goddess of Wisdom and Savitri is the presiding deity of science. Man’s body is matter hence its existence is looked upon as lying within the realms of Savitri.




While marching ahead on the path of wisdom man attains self control and progress. He/she attains the path of remaining happy and giving inspiration to others. He/she attains Self/God Realization. Life attains the goal of omnipotence. Man becomes Super Man, Rishi, divine man, Avatar etc. In this visible world he/she progresses rapidly and rise high in the subtle world. The glory of Gayatri or Jnana is so great.



Via science one can wholesomely utilize ones physical potential. By awakening the otherwise latent mysterious centers of the body one can make them extraordinarily potent. It is science that makes one brilliant and talented in worldly transactions. This then is the nature of Savitri and is work arena.



Within Gayatri practices soul purification predominates. Over here one washes off distortions/bad qualities assimilated on contacting the material world which has piled up on the soul for millions of lifetimes. One imbibes understanding, honesty, responsibility and valor which befit human glory. The intellect encompasses Mahaprajna or farsighted discrimination. It is because of all such special qualities that man in this very lifetime attains a divine inner state. Ones method of living and direction becomes such wherein in this very life one attains divinity. Not only does one advance but helps others too to do so.



Via Savitri practices the extraordinary bodily energies are awakened higher up from a latent state and it is so full of deep import that the entire visible world can be made conducive. All such attainments are called Sidhis or Divine Powers. All potentials of the solar universe exist in an atom albeit in a subtle manner. The activities and potentials of the atom in a gist are present in the external cosmos. What exists in the macrocosm or cosmos is present in the microcosm or atom. But ordinarily mankind attains only that much of natural potential which he/she uses in a daily mundane lifestyle. Apart from this if the need arises to transform world conditions one has to take recourse to that science called Savitri practices.



For many tasks of modern science many types of machinery/technology has been invented. The root power of all of them lies in the subtle centers of the human body. If one so desires with necessary effort they can be activated powerfully and the body can be converted into such a research laboratory in which one can manifest all technology that scientists have designed. Thus those tasks can be fulfilled which great intellectual scientists execute in this world with tremendous success.



Two types of images of Primordial Energy can be found. One has one face, 2 arms, water pot in one hand, rosary and vehicle is a swan. This is Brahmi Shakti or Divine Energy. It is called Gayatri. Another image has 5 faces and is called Savitri.



The vehicle of Gayatri is a swan. Swan means royal swan, Param Hans that can separate water and milk, that eats pearls and vows never to eat worms etc. Rosary connotes meditation and books means self introspection via scriptural studies etc. This then is the image of maternal power. It is the presiding deity of human glory thus it has one face.



The vehicle of Savitri is a lotus. Lotus means joy. There are lots of material pleasures. It has 5 faces. The body is made up of 5 elements and its psychic consciousness is made of 5 Pranas or vital forces. The 10 arms of Savitri mean 10 senses of the body. It is through the power of the senses that the body functions. Amongst weapons those are painted in the photo that aid in material advancement and competition.



Gayatri predominates because when divine wisdom is imbibed such a personality is designed that if due interest is taken in the direction of economic arena one can generate lots of wealth for oneself and others too. But the arena of Savitri or science is limited to the material world. It is not necessary that a powerfully wealthy man is also rich in Divine Wisdom. Hence such a one is not that important. In the personality the soul predominates and body is minor. In the same way from the spiritual standpoint Gayatri predominates and Savitri becomes minor. And yet both need to be devoted to. Both have their importance in their own inimitable way. Thus all round spiritual aspirants make use of both and time and again apply their powers in their day to day lives.



In Valmiki Ramayan an episode is mentioned wherein Sage Vishwamitra took Ram and Lakshman to his hermitage for the sake of protection of Yajnas that he carried out. There he taught them Bal and Atibala Science. These are but synonyms of Gayatri and Savitri. Via one of them he helped overcome raging demons in Lanka. With the other power he brought back Satyuga in Tretayuga. Thus Ramrajya or Rule of Righteousness came into being. Thus both sciences were used albeit in separate areas and thus extraordinary success was tasted.



In the above paragraphs it has been said that Brahmaji had 2 wives. The first is Gayatri and second is Savitri. In symbolic terms they are said to be wisdom consciousness and material wealth. One is Para Prakriti and the other is Apara Prakriti. Para Prakriti includes mind, intellect, psyche, ego and Divine Intellect/ Ritambhara Prajna. This is the area of wisdom. The second wife is Savitri or Apara Prakriti or material energy or material nature. All movements and activities of matter are dependent on it. The movement in atoms, chemical reactions, electricity, heat, light, magnetism, ether etc are a part of it. Material Science by making use of these means, invent many things and thus augment material comforts. This very Apara Prakriti is called Savitri. This second energy is called Kundalini.



There is no limit to conscious energy. Scholars, scientists, realized saints, super men, Rishi, thinkers etc progress in their respective areas by using this energy in their own way. On this basis for intellectual education school training, self introspection, association with realized saints, deep thinking and trance practices are carried out. All potentials regarding radiance of personality and divine aura are conjoined to this very area. The inner consciousness evolves with the aid of Para Prakriti practices and Gayatri Meditation.



The second energy is Savitri-material energy or activity. With the help of this Para Prakriti bodily activities of all creatures are carried out. In the human body many activities take place like inhalation/exhalation, blood circulation, sleep/awakening, digestion/excretion, heat/energy, electrical flow etc. Every object of the world is mobile. In this world the wheel moves ceaselessly in the form of creation, propagation and transformation. Animate and inanimate beings are marching ahead on the path of evolution. Every particle is forced to progress. The inspirational center of transforming inaction into activity is called Apara Prakriti that lies in Mahat Tattva. It is this energy that directs movements of Sat, Raj, Tam, 5 elements, 5 Tanmatras etc. Sidhis (Divine Powers) and boons are got due to its benediction. This then is Savitri, the second wife of Brahmaji. Infinite special qualities of the human body like health, long life, strength, zest, valor, beauty etc are dependent on it. Although it is found everywhere yet it is more profound in the polar regions of earth and in the Mooladhar Chakra (subtle plexus) of the human body. In spiritual practices it is called Kundalini Energy.



Gayatri and Savitri both complement each other. There is no competition between them. Like the 2 rivers Ganges and Yamuna they are said to be 2 streams of cosmic consciousness. The bare fact is that both are inseparably bound to each other. They can be said to be one breath and 2 bodies. Even a realized saint requires a body of flesh and blood and means to nourish it. Without consciousness matter cannot be managed optimally. Thus this world is managed by both together. If matter and energy were to separate none of them could exist solely. Both will them merge in their root cause. They are hence 2 wheels of the chariot of progress of the world. One without the other is useless. A handicapped realized saint and weak intellect animal man are both incomplete. The body has 2 arms, 2 legs, 2 eyes, 2 lungs, 2 kidneys etc. Brahma or creator too creates this world with the above 2 energy streams. One should aptly understand this when looking upon these 2 streams as Brahma’s wives. The term wife is merely symbolic. How can consciousness have a family? Fire element has 2 special qualities- heat and light. If someone desires he/she can call them the 2 wives of fire. If you do not like the word wife replace it with daughter. At some places Saraswati is said to be the wife of Brahma and at other places she is called his daughter. This must not be looked upon as a gross worldly relationship. This symbolic description is merely an allegory. Soul power is called Gayatri and material force is called Savitri. Savitri based practices are called Kundalini Awakening. Here efforts are made to ward off distortions and latent state of bodily vital force. Electricity has 2 charges viz. negative and positive. When both these unite electrical flow is generated. The unison of Gayatri and Savitri based practices results in fulfillment of all requirements. In order to avail of balanced benefits of Gayatri practices one must take of Savitri power too.



In the spiritual arena the portion dealing with knowledge is called Dakshin Marg. It is also called Nigam, Raja Yoga, Vedic path etc. The other portion is called Vam Marg, Agam, Tantra, Hath Yoga etc. Both of these if utilized separately will not prove beneficial. No one enjoys reading about the battles between demigods and demons. In fact on reading it one gets angry. But when both helped each other while churning the ocean (Samudra Manthan) a great deal of wealth was unearthed. We all know this story where 14 priceless jewels were got as a result of this churning. These efforts yielded Goddess Lakshmi, pot of nectar, wish fulfilling cow or Kamadhenu, wish fulfilling tree or Kalapavriksha etc. As long as the demons and demigods remained separate, fought with each other, hardships and destruction had to be undergone. But the moment they cooperated with one another like in churning of the ocean it became the basis of attaining many things. Thus the united efforts of Gayatri and Savitri can be said to be exactly like the cooperation between demons and demigods.

How Long Have Humans Existed - Bible Vs Science

1st off, we have a tendency to must say that in step with bible folks those days lived 900 years and if we have a tendency to follow the geneological records of the generations we find at Luke and some other components of the Bible that Adam and Eve, and hence the human beens, were created six,000 to eight,000 years ago. We have a tendency to have to say, however, that this whole story of the Genesis is an allegory. Althought is important to remark that the story of Adam and Eve is mentioned in another religions like Islamic, Jewish and Gnostic traditions. The Islamic Quran says that both Adam and Eve ate the forbidden fruit, and were each sent to the Earth from heaven because of this.




Thus, half-dozen,000 years ago, uh? That produces no sense in line with the bones that have been found all over the world. Thus perhaps the bible is not the solution when trying to answer the question of how long have the human existed.



When did the Homo Sapiens Sapiens, or Trendy Humans, appear



2 things to own in mind then, that of human existence theories defines higher how long have the humans lived, and who of homo sapiens characters is simply an allegory.



Well, Homo Sapiens Sapiens is what we are these days, and we have a tendency to have lived relatively short time. It's accepted to say that the first homo sapiens appeared 200,000 years ago. However, the primary civilizations or proto-states developed until vi,000 years ago in Mesopotamia, Egypt and India. Before that, individuals as nomadic teams, moving from one place to another. They were hunter-gatherers thus they'd searching equipment and stuff. These nomadic teams started the domestication of animals.



When we speak regarding Homo Sapiens we have a tendency to have to say the man of Neardenthal and the Cro-Magnons, who lived 500,000 years ago. And there also are the Hominid because the Austrolopithecus that were erectus bipeds but didn't have the size of brain of the homo sapiens. These guys lived 3.five million years ago.



Therefore, in conclusion we have a tendency to will say that the humans or human beens have lived over two hundred,000 years on Earth but there are estate civilizations only in the half-dozen,000 last years. The story of Adam and Eve is present in almost every religious tradition but is solely an allegory to determine how God created the humans and how they commited the first sin.

The Science Of Skateboard Bearings

The interest in advancing skateboard bearing technology started in the early 1990s. This is when skateboarding witnessed the overnight transition from vert skateboarding to street skateboarding. Street skateboarding includes large impacts from skateboarders jumping off (Ollie-ing) high sets of stairs or different elevations of surfaces. This impact loading, combined with 100+ pound skateboarders is a very uncommon loading scenario for the average industrial bearing. In addition, skateboarders tend to put loads in three dimensions on bearings, whereas many industrial bearings only put loads in two dimensions.




The first design enhancements of skateboard bearings started with better lubricants and strengthened parts. For most purposes this solved a lot of the loading problems experienced by skateboard bearings. But as street skateboarding got more intense, even the improved bearing designs could not withstand the more intense loading conditions.



It wasn’t until Rodney Mullen worked with Oust Bearings, did the skateboard bearing world finally design the ultimate set of bearings. The one thing that Rodney Mullen did that would continue to fail skateboard bearings was flat ground 360s. He would simply spin his skateboard 360 degrees continually until he destroyed his bearings. This maneuver was a classic example of three dimensional bearing loading.



The designers at Oust Bearings would examine the destruction of Rodney’s skateboard bearings. Immediately they understood that the damage was multi-dimensional. They soon began working on an advanced skateboard bearing design that would accommodate loads in three directions. First they started with a unique race design. For those of you who don’t know, a bearing race is the channel in the bearing that the balls roll in. The new and improved race design had a deeper race, which let the balls sit deeper in the race. This kept the balls from rubbing against the race edge, which commonly causes ball failure. If a ball fails, then the bearing will seize.



The common mistake that other bearing manufacturers were making was that they would simply increase the strength of the different bearing parts. For instance some bearing manufacturers would make ceramic balls which are harder than the steel races. In this case, the ceramic balls begin to break the races. In other instances, bearing manufacturers would make strong races, which would subsequently fail the balls.



Oust avoided the need to continually increase part strength. This also kept the cost of the bearing low. It was simply an in depth look into the design of the bearing combined with test loading cases that unveiled the real problem with skateboard bearings.



In conclusion, it may seem strange that a sport intended for teenagers would spawn such a technological advancement. This achievement in bearing design may one day improve air and car safety. In addition, many other industrial applications may be enhanced from this breakthrough

The first thing that is going to impact how effective a teacher is at educating students on primary science is the teacher's skill proficiency. While primary science concepts are not inherently difficult this does not mean that teachers are going to understand the concepts well enough to answer questions and to explain the processes.

But first, we need to understand what primary or basic skills are, including the steps to master your skills faster. First you’ll start the computer, which is followed by using the keyboard and the mouse. But before this, it is very important to understand the various parts of the computers and its functionality in order for you to actually master your computer skills very well. You should be familiar with minimizing and maximizing windows from your desktop, toggling between various applications that are currently running on your computer, opening files, closing files, saving files and other basic tasks.




Another important task is for you to be able to understand the computer fundamentals. Like how to open and type words, in word processor software like Microsoft Word. You’ll also need to know how to save the typed contents, creating an e-mail account on the internet, sending out mails to friends and family members, using the Internet, usage of various Microsoft applications, printing out files you need. You’ll also need to know how to use of various peripherals like the Compact Disk (CD), printer, connecting internet cables on your computer and few other things.



you may find it difficult to at first, but when you understand what these are and how to use them very well on your computer, it could be exciting and interesting to learn new computer science topics faster. There are various methods to acquire basic computer training or to learn how to use computer. If you really want to master basic computer skills faster in a smart and easy way, I’ll now tell you the best options to help you learn your computer science skills faster without asking for help from anyone.



Your best option should be to make use of computer training video lessons, recorded on a simple DVD. Computer science training video tutorials that are on DVDs, that goes into details about the history of computers, what the basics of computers are and how to use them. This is the best option for every beginner who wants to master his/her computer skills faster or who wants to learn new computer science topics faster on their own. Please never settle to start your studies with text books only. Starting your studies from books or books only, is the main reason why so many people spend months or even years to learn simple computer skills faster.



You’ll get screenshots of various applications on a computer, in the basic computer skills training DVD. To help you master new computer topics easier. If for example, there is a section about how to use a mouse, and you’re still finding it difficult to understand, you’ll screenshots like how to double-click using a mouse, how to select text using mouse, how to drag and drop, and so on. You can easily understand all these with the help of computer training video tutorials recorded on a simple DVD or DVDs, with beginners in mind.



Another important thing you must not forget to consider, before choosing the right product to buy for your studies is the final out-put of the video training product you intend to buy. This could easily Skyrocket your learning skills faster. Most basic computer training video lectures on sale on the internet and on most shops are recorded on just Audio CDs/CD-ROMs. This can limit your chances of learning computer Science topics faster on your own, if you don’t have a personal computer at home. But if you can find one that’s on a simple DVD, it’ll be a better option for you. You’ll be able to learn from your home DVD player as well as from your computer (if you’ve got one at your home).



You can learn what input and output devices are, how to use them, what memory is, what are storage devices and their usage. Oh! do you know what a modem is and how to use it, to connect to the Internet? Learn them efficiently and effectively using a simple computer skills video training on a simple DVD, to master the fundamentals of your computer and improve your basic computer science skills faster.



Each and every day, something new in the world of computers is emerging and it is essential that you keep pace with at least the basics of them. Grab a basic computer training DVD today! And start to explore the world of computers in its fullness. You’ll be surprised at how your computer skills will improve within a very short time.



Today could be your right time to decide if you are serious on improving your computer skills faster or to remain where you are right now! Take a positive step today to start getting new basic computer training. You’ll be surprised at what you’ve been missing all this long. Now is the right time to learn how to use computer very well and faster too! This summarizes this article. I hope you enjoyed it. There are more advanced tips and tricks to help you improve your basic computer skills faster from my free email newsletter from my website.

What Factors Affect The Teaching Of Primary Science?

The first thing that is going to impact how effective a teacher is at educating students on primary science is the teacher's skill proficiency. While primary science concepts are not inherently difficult this does not mean that teachers are going to understand the concepts well enough to answer questions and to explain the processes.




To ensure that teachers understand the materials that they are presenting to students in class they need to review the materials ahead of time and read up on the subject in outside sources. This will ensure that teachers will be able to properly explain the basics of the concept and that they will be able to answer questions that students may have about the subject.



Teaching Material Availability



Another factor that is going to impact the effectiveness of teaching primary science is the availability of teaching materials. If a science teacher has limited access to supplemental tools and teaching materials then their class lectures and activities are going to be on the boring side. It will also limit what a teacher can plan as a learning activity in their science class.



This is a tough obstacle to get around, particularly when funds just are not available to buy new science tools or teaching aids. However, there are a few options that teachers have. The first option is to apply for a competitive science education grant. These grants can provide funds for new science lab equipment and teaching materials. The second option is to utilize the Internet to find interactive activities, downloads and printables.



Science Activities



The final factor that is going to impact the effectiveness of teaching primary science is the learning activities that the teacher selects. Lectures are a common part of science class but they need to be supplemented with hands on activities. Hands on activities include classroom experiments, practice using science tools and even completing science fair projects. Classroom demonstrations can also be used as a fun and engaging science learning activity. The more active a student is in their education the more likely they will retain what they have been taught.



There are many resources teachers can turn to for ideas for science learning activities. If funds are available then science kits and educational toys are great options for classroom demonstrations and experiments. If funds are not available then teachers can turn to the Internet for activity ideas and free downloads. Government sites are great for providing teachers with science materials, games and interactive computer programs. These sites can also be used to learn about

How Do I Arrange My Science Display Board?

Students have several options when it comes to selecting the background board for their project’s display board. Most students are going to utilize either a piece of poster board or foam board. If the student is only completing a project for a class grade or for a school level science fair, then poster board will suffice. However, if the student has aspirations of participating in and winning regional or higher level science fairs, then the foam board is a better option.




Layout Step #1 – Divide Your Board



The first step in laying out a display board for a science fair project is to divide the board into sections. Students can divide their board into panels or squares. The number of panels or squares that are created will reflect the number of elements that the student wants to include in their display. Keep in mind that you will need space to discuss each of the seven steps in the scientific method.



Layout Step #2 – Create the Title



The title is the first thing that needs to be positioned on the display board. It will need to be centered at the top of the board. The lettering needs to be large enough to be read from a distance. It can be helpful to print out the title on paper and to then attach it to the board with an adhesive. This will give you the option of seeing how it looks in different positions on the board.



Layout Step #3 – Create Your Text and Graphic Panels



Step three is to create your text and graphic panels. These are created by printing out the text panel or graphic and then matting them on construction paper or card sock. Try to make the panels look congruent and consistent.



Layout Step #4 – Dry Layout Process



The next step is to lay your display board flat and to experiment with the positions of the various panels. You will want your display board to flow naturally from step one to step seven of the scientific method. You will also want your layout to look clean and orderly. You may need to switch the positions of the panels several times before you find a layout that works for your project. When you find a layout that you like then you can glue down the panels.

Science Fair Projects On How Do Video Games Affect Blood Pressure

If you are interested in participating in a science fair this year the consider examining how video games impact your blood pressure. For this project you will first need to examine what research has already been done of the topic. This will give you the basis for making a prediction. This prediction will be your hypothesis.




However, you don't have to agree with the outcomes that previous researchers have come to. It is very common for different reserachers to arrive at different conclusions based on their unique experiences with and understanding of the test subject. For example, while evidence may indicate that video games increase blood pressure, you may "know" that certain games can have calming effects on the body.



Your unique insight into video games and gaming will be very valuable when you are putting together your video game science fair project. You can use your past experiences to help you select a video game or video games to experiment with and you can also use your understanding of gaming environments to create different testing stimuli.



The key to creating a winning science fair project based on video games is to show the judges something that they may never have seen before. This can be new insights on how to use video games to relax or to make adjustments to biodata. It can also be new data

Do Different Liquids Produce Different Levels Of Urine Science Fair Projects

The hypothesis for this science fair project is that sugary liquids produce less urine then salty liquids do. The dependent variable in this hypothesis is the amount of urine produced and the independent variable in this hypothesis is the type of liquid that is drunk.




Supplies Needed



This science fair project will need several key pieces of equipment. First of all the student will need at least six to twelve test subjects that are generally healthy. The student will then need a urine collection and measuring device for each of their test subjects. These can be picked up at a medical supply company. The students will also need collection sheets which will be handed out to each test subject. Latex gloves can also be used when collecting urine volume samples.



The Experiment



To start with the student will need to conduct a control experiment. This will create a baseline of data to compare test results to. The control experiment will basically see how much urine is normally produced by each test subject on a daily basis. To collect this data each test subject will be given a urine volume collection container that fits into their toilet. They will then write down the volume of urine that they eliminate from their bodies on a daily basis over a week.



The test experiment will begin by dividing test subjects into two groups. Group A will be given sugary drinks and Group B will be given salty drinks. Each group will be assigned the same volume of liquid. The test subjects will be instructed not to drink anything other than their experiment liquids during the day. They will then monitor their urine output during test day 1, 2 and 3. The groups will then be given the other liquid type and the will be tested for another three days.



Data Analysis



The analysis of the data will involve several steps. First of all the students will need to organize the data by finding the average urine output for each test subject in the control experiment. This will create the baseline data. Next the average urine volume output for each test subject will be calculated for the sugary drink test. Finally the average urine volume output for each test subject will be calculated for the salty drink test. The results will be compared. Students will need to look for trends that indicate that the sugary drinks lead to a higher urine output change compared to the control than the salty drinks did to prove the hypothesis could be true. Otherwise the hypothesis is false.



By: M. Binder



Article Directory: http://www.articledashboard.com





I am an education specialist who is dedicated to making science more fun for kids of all ages. One fun way to get kids interested in science is to encourage them to complete a www.super-science-fair-projects.com/energy-science-fair-projects.html” target=”_blank”>energy science fair project. More information can be found at Super Science Fair Projects

Aka Dua In The Atlantean Science Of The Toltecs

The Atlanteans conceived of evolution on a planetary scale, not on a human scale. To attain planetary consciousness was one stage of evolution. To attain stellar consciousness was even higher. So they kept trying. What they said when they talked about their own history was that they came from Mars and that Mars was a failed experiment. They tried to do something there and they destroyed Mars in the process of finding a way of getting here, to the Earth.




They called the migrants from Mars Lemurians. The Atlanteans said they came from the Lemurians. The Atlanteans were a higher race than us, the humans of today. They actually had seven different races but collectively they were a higher race than we are. When most of the other humanoids who walked upright like humans do dispersed through the globe, the Atlanteans thought of all of us as no better than smart monkeys. That’s what we were.



They thought their task was to figure out how to escape this planet and move closer to the Sun. Eventually they had to find a way to reach the solar sphere and live there. You can’t do that with this body, not even the astral body. You need higher bodies to do that. The Atlanteans were looking to move from here to Venus, eventually from there to the Sun, when something went wrong. The Atlanteans were destroyed.



If you think in terms of progressive evolution and that is your map, the next stage from here is Venus. What stands behind Venus is the Solar Being, what the Greeks called the Telos, the ultimate end or aim for evolution. The Atlanteans thought of it as the Sun. Then the way to the Sun—Venus—shares on the nature of that ultimate end.



Venus is the Morning Star. You see it early in the morning and you see it late at night. Of course, it’s not a star; it’s a planet, but it hovers in between the light and the darkness. It exists in the spaces in between. The Morning Star is the bringer of light, the one who announces the coming of the Sun, the messenger. While it is true that, in Greek myth, Mercury is the messenger, Venus is the light-bringer. In Christian traditions, Venus is Lucifer, the devil, Jesus, and women and their diseases.



We see Venus as a planet. Others have seen it as a star, mistakenly. But the Atlanteans see it as part of evolutionary science. The science of the Atlanteans has a telos, a direction. We needed to create technology in order to accomplish this aim, and this meant going to Venus and eventually going to the Sun.



Atlantis was just a series of small islands, and the Atlanteans had their caste system, their governmental system, their priests, and their customs. They kept all of that to themselves on those tiny islands. Every other creature on Earth, including us, they saw as more or less the same as we see all the other animals and species. They saw us as animals that they had better leave alone because we were far too violent. Then Atlantis was destroyed and the Atlanteans had to go to different places to survive that catastrophe. They mixed with everyone else, so Atlanteans as a race disappeared. Their knowledge, however, is said to have been passed on.



One of the things that was passed on was a substance called the Sro. It is a physical substance with energetic properties. Its energy is like that of the Sun—come too close and you’ll get sunburned. The exposure to it can have tremendous benefit in change. The Sro is the solar essence that connects this world to the Sun.



The Sro goes through different stages of refinement. So if we’re looking for an actual substance, we’ll probably find it as something that we can call material or solid only in the first few levels of refinement. At the higher levels we would need the type of technology the Atlanteans had to be able to think of it in terms of physical. Sro, by the way, is what later in Sanskrit comes to be known as Sri—"Holy." Sri is one of the titles given to some Indian holy men.



The Atlanteans had a saying that said you either work with the Sro or you work for the Sro. And they saw working with the Sro as the lower level of technology; working for the Sro was a higher level of work. It would be similar to saying that you are either a technician who works with technology (you know how to repair things; you know how to make things) or you are a scientist who studies the principles of things.



The Sro in one of its forms, now called Aka Dua, is what was kept alive through a lineage that later becomes a Toltec line. Initially they were simply calling it "power." Aka Dua is not the Sro itself; it’s a derivative of it which has specific vibrational qualities. Aka Dua is a physical substance, which is why the process of endowing someone with it is called a transmission. So the energy when that you feel when such a person "sends" Aka Dua comes from Aka Dua, but is not itself Aka Dua. Rather, it’s an energy field that emanates from Aka Dua. It’s like the magnet. The magnet is a physical thing, but what you actually feel emanating from that is a magnetic field, not the magnet itself.

Jobs in Hyderabad are available in the field of Biotechnology and related fields also. Research stations are available in this city which absorbs sincere and bright people. There are many research scientists who have to make do with smaller income as they are not aware of the research stations all over India.

You can be a genius in mathematics but not must in actuarial science. Actuarial science is NOT ALL about mathematics, but involving lots of statistics, modelling, finance, economics, accounting and so on. So, even when you don't end up as an actuary, you will still have other career options such as working in risk management, investment, etc. Hence, if you love mathematics, you will love pure mathematics. If you love applying mathematics (in business or economics), you will love actuarial science.




Actuarial science DOES NOT guarantee a HIGHLY paid job. Only qualified Actuary get paid in millions depend on the need in different countries. Fresh actuarial science graduate does not make you different from any other graduates at all. And, there are MANY Malaysians currently studying actuarial science. (JPA scholars, Bank Negara scholars, SC scholars, Khazanah scholars, UKM, UM, UiTM, USIM, UTAR, INTI, Taylor, HELP…)



It’s easy to get a bachelor's degree in actuarial science. But it's not easy to be an actuary. Undoubtedly, the route becoming an actuary is a very tough. If not, millions of people will become actuaries and the job prospect for actuaries will be really bad. My advice is thinking thrice before you make a decision to get into the program, don't jump into it for the wrong reason, i.e. money. I know that some actuarial majors brag about actuaries getting paid millions, including me! Yes, it is true but take note that you only get paid well if you're good in term of many things, such as soft skills.



Become an actuary, you must not have the actuarial science degree. You can become an actuary by taking any bachelors degree, but it is better to take something related degree, like mathematics, statistics, economics, finance, etc. The most important is the professional exams. But, most people who take actuarial science fail to become a qualified actuary.



What are the criteria to become an actuary? According to Be An Actuary website, you must have an excellent business sense with a knowledge of finance, accounting, and economics, keen analytical, project management, and problem solving skills, specialized math knowledge, strong computer skills, and solid written and oral communication skills. In addition, you must enjoy learning, like to solve complicated problems, enjoy writing and talking to people, can work effectively alone or as part of a team, are interested in a variety of historical, social, legislative, and political issues, and are self-motivated achievers.



After a short briefing of actuarial science and actuary, let’s talk about Why Actuary? If I say I take this course not because the highly competitive salary, then you will definitely not believe me! To be honest, yes, the MAJOR reason I choose actuary as my career is because FINANCIAL FREEDOM (just a major reason, there are some minor reasons). Then, I thought that I have a moderate amount of logical, mathematical, and analytical ability. Since I do not want to teach, being more practical than abstract, mathematically, I thought that being an actuary would be all right. And as a not-so-bad student, I have no other choices! Because there is a myth in Malaysia: “Best student always take Medicine, Engineering or Actuarial Science”. Finally, I choose actuary as my career due to the myth.



If you are really interested in Actuarial Science, what I think is that getting a local degree or overseas degree is just the same. The most important is the professional examination. There are many ways to pursue actuarial science degree, since I am studying in local university, I just talk about the local one (Malaysia). For SPM students, you can try to get the scholarship, such as JPA/MARA (I think it will become easier to get this scholarship after the 308! ), Bank Negara, Khazanah, SC, Great Eastern and so on. If you didn’t get it, you can try to get into Asasi UiTM (for Bumiputera only!), Matriculation, STPM or Private College/University, like INTI, Taylor, HELP …).



After Matriculation or STPM, with CGPA 4.00, you may do actuarial science degree locally at UKM, UM, USIM, UiTM. For non-Bumi, you just can gain the admission into UM or UKM only. One more option is UNITAR.



Well, for those who aspires to become an actuary but failed to get admission to the course, should not give up but instead go into courses like Statistics or Mathematics and start taking actuarial professional examinations.



The path to become an actuary involves going through a well-structured education plan. This involves university-level education and professional examinations, as well as other requirements. You should prepare and start your professional examinations since the first year you get into to University or College ( or even STPM ). For the professional examinations, you have to think about what are the options of societies or institutes.



For me, like my most other seniors, choosing Society of Actuaries (SOA). But now, I am still just a second-year, first-semester actuarial student. The road is still very long. I hope can finish 5 papers before my graduation. Here we go!

Jobs In Hyderabad For Science Professionals

Jobs in Hyderabad are available in the field of Biotechnology and related fields also. Research stations are available in this city which absorbs sincere and bright people. There are many research scientists who have to make do with smaller income as they are not aware of the research stations all over India.




Jobs in Hyderabad are available in the research stations for the specific fields. Many scientists get promoted to different other places then the people can take their place and carry on their research. Such people have to be more experienced and more knowledgeable to take that vacant seat. Scientists can’t be satisfied with what is available with them. They have to be inquisitive enough to come out with appropriate solutions for each and every needs and demand.



Jobs in Hyderabad are also available for the budding scientists who have stepped in the world of jobs after completing their courses successfully. Young scientists can search for jobs in Hyderabad either through direct application or through any vacancy. Young budding scientists are full of dreams and ideas. They can realize their dreams through jobs in Hyderabad in the form of young scientist jobs available for them.



Different research stations are established in and around Hyderabad which have regular requirements for Science professionals. They can find jobs in India in these fully equipped and highly scientific research stations.



Jobs in Hyderabad are available in abundance for the Science professionals. There is no need to go abroad to build the career. Different opportunities are available in India and one can make use of these opportunities and build a sound career for one.

How Do You Start Your Introduction On Science Fairs

Step #1 – Establish Goals and Objectives




The first step in putting together an introductory lesson plan on science fairs is to set your objects and goals. For example, your goals may be to educate students about what a science fair is and to get 75 percent or more of your students to sign up to participate in this school event. You may also set a goal to get all of your students to complete a project.



Step #2 – Introductory Activity



The introductory activity is what kicks off your lesson. There are several ways to approach this activity. There is the boring way, which would be to simply give a lecture on what a science fair is. The more exciting option is to have students gather around a table and have to complete a winning science fair experiment. Make sure you select an experiment that has crowd appeal.



Step #3 – Media Presentation



The next step will be to give some sort of media presentation. For example, you can play highlights from previous year’s science fairs, or you can play an advertisement for a science competition or the state science fair. The objective of this activity is to show kids what a science fair or competition looks like and to get them interested in the event.



Step #4 – Present the Details About the Science Fair Circuit



Participation in the school science fair may be mandatory, but if students do well at this level then they have the chance to go to state and national level science fairs. At each level new prizes and awards are offered. During this activity you will explain the science fair circuit and you will go over what each level has to offer in terms of prizes and perks, such as getting out of school or going to the nation’s capital.



Step #5 – Reel Them In



The final activity in this lesson will be to hand out the entry forms for the science fair. Students can take these home and start working on their entries. You will also want to assign your students some sort of homework assignment, such as come up with a list of three ideas for a science fair project. This assignment will help transition your class to the module on science fairs, the scientific method or science experimentation.

Why Are Teens So Stressed? Science Fair Projects

"Why are teens so stress?" This is the topic for your science fair project this year. So now that you have a topic your next step is to conduct research on this subject. This research will need to begin with a general search of teen stress. The results from this search will provide you with leads on what is stressing out teens and what research has already been done.



Develop a Hypothesis



Now that you know a little bit about your topic your next step is to develop a hypothesis. Your hypothesis will predict what is stressing out teens. For example, your hypothesis may be that teen stress rates are impacted directly by the stricter entrance requirements for college.



Develop an Experiment



After you have a hypothesis you will need to find a way to test that hypothesis. If your hypothesis is that teens are stressed by the increase in acceptance standards of colleges then you will need to design an experiment that tests how these higher standards are impacting student stress levels. You can do this by collecting data on college entrance requirements from the 70s and comparing them to those of today, and you can also conduct interviews with teens to figure out how stricter college entrance requirements are impacting their stress levels.



Collect Data



Data collection for this type of science fair project will involve collecting data and information from government and nonprofit sources, as well as collecting data directly from your own test subjects. When you are collecting data from your test subjects make sure your test conditions remain constant for each experiment. This will help to ensure your data is reliable and valid.



By: M. Binder



Article Directory: http://www.articledashboard.com





Madeline Binder was an art major and finds that the www.super-science-fair-projects.com”>science fair judges' 1st impression comes from the visual elements of your display board. At Super Science Fair Projects we have found that robotics science fair projects have become very popular, especially for students who enjoy programming.

Ergonomic: Science Of Work Physiology & Work Demands

To accomplish work, the body requires energy, oxygen and nutrients. The human body consumes and uses carbohydrate, fat and protein nutrients to provide the required energy to maintain homeostasis both at rest and during work activity. During work, the primary nutrients utilized are fats and carbohydrates, with proteins contributing less than 5-15% of the total energy used. These nutrients, after having been converted to chemicals, enter the blood stream and circulate to the various internal organs and muscles. At the muscle sites, this chemical energy is converted into mechanical energy, or a muscle contraction, and heat. This process is known as metabolism.




Working muscle requires a constant supply of energy. The fundamental source of energy for these contractions is the high-energy Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) molecule. The ATP molecule is the most important energy carrying molecule in the muscle cell. The ATP compound consists of three parts: adenosine molecule, a ribose molecule and three phosphate molecules linked together by chemical bonds. The bonds linking the phosphate molecules are high-energy bonds and when these bonds are broken, large amounts of energy are released. This energy is then used for muscle contractions. The energy can be liberated from the ATP molecule by a process known as phosphorylation. This metabolic process is shown below. Phosphorylation is the process in which the Adenosine Triphosphate molecule is broken down by the enzyme ATPase into Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP), a phosphate molecule (Pi) and energy.

Aerobic Metabolism

The Adenosine Triphosphate needed for muscle work can be produced from either aerobic (with oxygen) metabolism or from anaerobic (without oxygen) metabolism. The aerobic metabolism of nutrients refers to the oxidation of glucose or glycogen molecules and fatty acids to form ATP, this process is called aerobic glycolysis. This metabolic pathway requires a continuous supply of blood in order to provide ongoing oxygen and nutrients.



A cardiovascular response to increased workload is to increase the amount of blood flowing to active muscle. However, it can take almost one minute for this response to be activated. Therefore, at the onset of most industrial tasks, or in cases of quick-high intensity tasks, it is not always possible to have adequate blood flow available to working muscles. When this occurs, the muscles switch to anaerobic metabolism.



Anaerobic Metabolism

The muscle cells can produce Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) or energy, without oxygen (anaerobic metabolism) by two methods: the first method is to break high-energy phosphate bonds in Creatine Phosphate (CP) molecules. The second method is by a process known as anaerobic glycolysis. Under anaerobic conditions, the simplest and thus immediate source of energy is through the use or production of the Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) molecule by breaking high-energy phosphate bonds in the Creatine Phosphate (CP) molecule. The CP molecule donates a phosphate(P) to an ADP molecule to create an ATP molecule and energy. Creatine Kinase is the enzyme that initiates this reaction in the muscle



The second anaerobic metabolic process for energy synthesis is called anaerobic glycolysis. This process also generates a limited amount of energy, but does so by breaking the chemical bonds in the breakdown of glucose to lactic acid. Anaerobic glycolysis can only produce enough ATP or usable energy for a few minutes. In this method, however, the supply of CP is quickly depleted in under 1 minute. Anaerobic glycolysis provides energy for up to four minute. Only the aerobic glycolysis process can provide a sustained supply of energy to working muscles. With both anaerobic processes, work can only be sustained for short periods because is a limited supply of available ATP and CP molecules in the muscle cells



Muscle Fatigue

When skeletal muscle is continually stimulated, the force or tension that is developed by the muscle fibers diminishes. This failure of muscle fiber to maintain tension as a result of contractile activity is known as muscle fatigue. The onset of fatigue depends on both the type of skeletal muscle fibers as well as the intensity and duration of the muscle contractions. The red muscle fibers, or the â€Å“slow twitch” fibers appear to have better blood flow and therefore oxygen supply to maintain aerobic metabolism. In the slow twitch muscle fibers, fatigue develops more slowly. These muscles fibers are used mostly during long duration, low intensity activities. The white muscle fibers, also called â€Å“fast twitch” fibers, appear to rely more upon anaerobic metabolism. These fibers fatigue more rapidly, and are used more for short duration, high intensity activities. The development of muscle fatigue corresponds to four events that occur in working muscles:



1.) The depletion of the concentration of ATP. The rate of ATP utilization exceeds the rate of production. The muscle cannot contract without ATP.

2.) Increased amounts of intracellular acidity due to the rise in lactic acid levels. This increased hydrogen ion concentration affects the contractile proteins of the muscle fibers, decreasing the force generated by the muscle fibers.

3.) The depletion of muscle glycogen levels. As the amount of available glycogen diminishes, the muscle can no longer sustain a contraction.

4.) Levels of other metabolic waste products, including Carbon Dioxide, increase within muscle cells. If levels of acid and carbon dioxide waste products build up, this will slow aerobic metabolism, resulting in less efficient metabolism.



If muscle fatigue sets in and the muscle is no longer able to sustain work efficiently, the muscle becomes overloaded resulting in micro trauma to the muscle fibers. If this fatigue and overloading is repetitive or long term in nature the resulting microtrauma becomes cumulative and pathology or injury occurs. Local muscle fatigue is suspect to contribute to work-related Cumulative Trauma Disorders. In order to avoid the adverse effects of muscle fatigue, a sufficient supply or flow of blood to the working muscles is critical.



Since aerobic metabolism generates almost 20 times as much ATP for energy as does anaerobic energy, the effects of muscle fatigue can be minimized by ensuring work load intensity is low enough so that adequate oxygenation, or blood flow to the active working muscles is achieved. If heavy workloads are required, they should be brief in duration, lasting less than a few seconds or minutes, which reduces the effects of prolonged anaerobic metabolism, and maximizes metabolic efficiency.



Summary

The most important factor in ergonomic job design or modification is to promote aerobic metabolism and adequate blood flow, resulting in a high metabolic efficiency. This will maintain adequate blood flow to working muscles, prevent fatigue and allow maximal performance. Dynamic muscle contractions are always preferred over static muscle loading situations. Work-rest cycles should provide sufficient recovery times to sufficiently perfuse active muscles with blood. Jobs should be designed or modified to minimize or reduce the requirements for static contractions, such as static grips, extended reaches and extreme postures.



By: Acquiredhope

The first step, perhaps the most important step, is a well-thought-out hypothesis. This article provides instructions for how to make a great hypothesis.

Environmental Science is the scientific study of the ways in which biological, physical and chemical components of the environment interact and the relations between them. Environmental science and ecology are overlapped but different science disciplines.




Environmental science and ecology are overlapped but different science disciplines. Ecology is the study of the interactions of living organisms with their environments, including relationship with other organisms. Environmental science is multidisciplinary in nature and provides a broad area of study of environmental systems integrating both biological and physical concepts with an interdisciplinary approach.



Components of Environmental Science:



Atmospheric Sciences examine the phenomenology of the Earth's gaseous outer layer with emphasis upon interrelation to other systems. Atmospheric sciences comprise meteorological studies, greenhouse gas phenomena, and atmospheric dispersion modeling of airborne contaminants, noise pollution, and even light pollution.



Ecology studies typically analyze the dynamics of biological populations and some aspect of their environment.



Due to the interdisciplinary nature of environmental science, teams of professionals commonly work together to conduct environmental research or to produce Environmental Impact Statements. Environmental science encompasses issues such as climate change, conservation, biodiversity, water quality, groundwater contamination, soil contamination, and use of natural resources, waste management, sustainable development, disaster reduction, air pollution, and noise pollution.



Geosciences include environmental geology, environmental soil science, volcanic phenomena and evolution of the Earth's crust. In some classification systems it can also embrace hydrology including oceanography.

The control experiment for this science fair project will test a person who is about 30 to 40 years of age. This is the median age for the test group. They will each be exposed to an optical illusion card and asked what they see. The cards will begin with simple optical illusions and progress to more complex optical illusions.

The first step, perhaps the most important step, is a well-thought-out hypothesis. This article provides instructions for how to make a great hypothesis.




A hypothesis is just a question and what you think the answer is. It’s been called an “educated guess.” To write a good one, keep two principles in mind: your hypothesis should be precise and it should be simple. It’s usually written as an “If…then…” statement.



Contrary to what you may believe, most science kit experiments are carried out with a pretty good idea of what will happen. The goal of the experiment is to confirm that idea. And the name of that idea is the hypothesis.



So, if you look at your chemistry set or science kit sitting there with its brand-new bottles and think to yourself, “I’ll bet if I combine the ammonium nitrate with the water it will get colder, that’s what happens in those cold packs,” well, you’ve got a basic hypothesis right there!



If you further start thinking and wondering, “I wonder what would happen if I added a whole bunch of ammonium nitrate to water. Would it get colder faster? Would it drop to an even lower temperature? How do they measure the right amounts to put in those cold pack things?” then you are really thinking like a scientist!



You can expand your hypothesis to read something like the following, “This experiment will measure temperature effects across time from varying amounts of ammonium nitrate dissolved in water. Hypothesis: If a greater amount of ammonium nitrate is added to water, the temperature of the solution will drop faster, and the greater the amount of ammonium nitrate added to water, the lower the end temperature will be before stabilizing.”



You will notice that the hypothesis is very precise, it states exactly and with no fuzziness just what the experimenter will be measuring and what he expects the results to be. A poor hypothesis would be the following, “Hypothesis: Adding ammonium nitrate will make the water colder.” It is not at all precise. Colder than what? It’s not simply water after you add ammonium nitrate is it? It’s a solution. What do you mean by “colder”? How are you measuring this? The above hypothesis answers all these questions with exactness.



You will also notice that the original hypothesis is very simple. It uses as few words as possible. A poor hypothesis would be the following, “When I add greater amounts of ammonium nitrate from the chemistry set to the water to make a solution like in a cold-pack from the store, then measure the temperature as described, I expect to see the numbers go down quicker than they would with a small amount of ammonium nitrate. I also think there will be a point that the temperature stops dropping and levels off, but I think that point will be lower for larger amounts of ammonium nitrate.” The original hypothesis keeps things very simple.



A good hypothesis guides your experiment. Every observation is taken with an eye to disproving that hypothesis. Yes, you heard right DISproving the hypothesis. A good scientist knows that the best way to prove the hypothesis is right is by trying to prove it is wrong.



A good scientist is very, very careful and critical at each stage of the experiment, recording exactly what happens and noticing every detail that could potentially be impacting the results and disproving the hypothesis. A good scientist carefully repeats trials and reanalyzes data looking vigilantly for flaws. A good scientist uses all of the materials available in the science kit to test the hypothesis. In the end, if the results still match his hypothesis, then and only then can he begin to say it might be true. A good scientist still wants to see that this success is repeatable, so he may run the whole experiment again at another date, or ask a fellow scientist to do so.



If the results do not support the hypothesis, then the scientist has really learned something! Is it time to get a new chemistry set because this one doesn’t give you the results you were looking for? No, that is not the right conclusion. This is where the most interesting part of science comes in, follow-up investigative experiments. The hypothesis is just your best guess, so you don’t really know whether or not it is true. This is where a science kit begins to have all the thrill of a detective novel as you the scientist carefully watch for clues, racks your brain for alternative explanations and likely culprits, or devise plans to follow up a hunch. In which case, you get to write another hypothesis!

Does Age Affect How Well You See Optical Illusions Science Fair Project

The control experiment for this science fair project will test a person who is about 30 to 40 years of age. This is the median age for the test group. They will each be exposed to an optical illusion card and asked what they see. The cards will begin with simple optical illusions and progress to more complex optical illusions.




The test experiment will actually consist of three separate test groups. Test Group 1 will be made up of elementary aged students between the ages of 8 and 10, Test Group 2 will be made up of young adults between 17 and 22, and Test Group 3 will be made up of older adults between the ages of 45 and 55. Each test group will be given the optical illusion test given in the control experiment.



Data Collection



The collection of data will be very simple. All the students will need to do is to write down the responses to the cards. They will then need to indicate if the correctly identified the optical illusion or if they failed to identify the optical illusion.



Data Analysis



The analysis of the data in this experiment is going to take some time. This is because there is going to be a lot of data to organize and evaluate. To start with each test group will be evaluated individually. The student will want to find the average rate of correctness in the optical illusion identification test. They will also want to find the average rate of correctness for each optical illusion card.



Students can then determine if the age group had difficulties with any particular card and they can give the group an optical illusion complexity rating of one to five, with one being that they cannot identify any optical illusions and five being that they can identify all levels of optical illusions. These results can then be compared across the age spectrum.



Drawing Conclusions



The conclusions that are drawn will be based on the results of each test group. Students will want to determine if aging positively impacts a person’s ability to identify, or see an optical illusion. If this trend is identified then the hypothesis is correct, if it is not present then the hypothesis is considered null and void.



By: M. Binder



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I am an education specialist who is dedicated to making science more fun for kids of all ages. One fun way to get kids interested in science is to encourage them to complete a www.super-science-fair-projects.com/energy-science-fair-projects.html” target=”_blank”>energy science fair project. More information can be found at Super Science Fair Projects.

There Is Science In Table Tennis Paddles - Learn How To Choose The One For You

The problem is though, that not everybody knows which rubber blade that they want to get that is going to increase their game.




Try to always remember that a ping-pong paddle rule is that it should have a red rubber on one side and a black rubber on the other. The balls that you buy should be either orange or white, and according to the new rules an official ball should be 40 mm in size.



When choosing a rubber for your blade, you need to know about the amount of spin a specific rubber can generate. You also need to know that different types of rubbers will affect the speed of your paddle. In order to figure out what rubber is best for you, you can try experimenting by placing different types of rubbers on either side of your paddle. Just keep in mind that it needs to be black on one side and red on the other.



The blades can also be variably different. Try to remember that you need to know about the weight, speed, and the handle shape. Most people like to have a flared handle with a medium weight balance as it gives them plenty of speed and a nice mass. A good rule to go by is to try and find the heaviest paddle that you can that is going to effect the speed of your swing at all.



Probably the most popular type of handle is the flared style. It is used by loopers and all around players. If you really like looping or driving, then you are going to want to look at getting an anatomic handle or a conic handle.



The straight handle is for people who are good at smashing and is favored by ping pong players who have a powerful backhand. The penhold handle is the perfect choice for people who use Chinese or Japanese grips.



These are just some of the things that you need to take into consideration when you are looking for the right ping-pong equipment. If you take these things into consideration, you will be able to get the right paddle with the right balance to keep your performance tiptop. So now don't go believing the hype about those high dollar paddles being the best paddles that you can get. Go for the one that best suits your performance and the way you play.



By: Frank Froggatt

There Is Science In Table Tennis Paddles - Learn How To Choose The One For You

The problem is though, that not everybody knows which rubber blade that they want to get that is going to increase their game.




Try to always remember that a ping-pong paddle rule is that it should have a red rubber on one side and a black rubber on the other. The balls that you buy should be either orange or white, and according to the new rules an official ball should be 40 mm in size.



When choosing a rubber for your blade, you need to know about the amount of spin a specific rubber can generate. You also need to know that different types of rubbers will affect the speed of your paddle. In order to figure out what rubber is best for you, you can try experimenting by placing different types of rubbers on either side of your paddle. Just keep in mind that it needs to be black on one side and red on the other.



The blades can also be variably different. Try to remember that you need to know about the weight, speed, and the handle shape. Most people like to have a flared handle with a medium weight balance as it gives them plenty of speed and a nice mass. A good rule to go by is to try and find the heaviest paddle that you can that is going to effect the speed of your swing at all.



Probably the most popular type of handle is the flared style. It is used by loopers and all around players. If you really like looping or driving, then you are going to want to look at getting an anatomic handle or a conic handle.



The straight handle is for people who are good at smashing and is favored by ping pong players who have a powerful backhand. The penhold handle is the perfect choice for people who use Chinese or Japanese grips.



These are just some of the things that you need to take into consideration when you are looking for the right ping-pong equipment. If you take these things into consideration, you will be able to get the right paddle with the right balance to keep your performance tiptop. So now don't go believing the hype about those high dollar paddles being the best paddles that you can get. Go for the one that best suits your performance and the way you play.



By: Frank Froggatt

How To Draw Diagrams For Physics Science Fair Projects

One of the components of a science fair project is to develop a display board. The display board not only needs to contain written information about the project that the student completed, but it also needs to contain visual components that illustrate what was done and what was learned. In many types of projects a photograph is all that is required, however, in physics science fair projects diagrams are often needed.

How To Win A Science Fair Contest

A science fair contest is one of the first experiences that students have with real scientific exploration and experimentation. These contests are designed to not only stimulate an interest in science, but to also stimulate the creative subconscious of young scientists. Every year hundreds of these events are held across the country, some at local schools and some at major universities and science institutes. In order to win one of these competitions students need to learn how to create a project that is going to stand out in a good way from the other entries.

Senator Glenn's Statement floor U.S. Senate

Electromagnetic (EM) weapons, or directed-energy weapons (DEW), we do not see, hear, taste, or smell, although we are grossly affected by them as citizens. They utilize the various frequencies of the electromagnetic spectrum to disable or kill the target. Among electromagnetic weapons are psychotronic weapons. These EM weapons interact with the nervous system of the target. Silence Sound Weapons are weapons affecting our subconscious, but can be raised above our awareness threshold. Having the below graphic as a mental picture helps convey what it is that an exposed person encounters.